Through the Eyes of the First Treaty People By Nicky Kay Michael, PhD March 1782, led by Captain David Williamson, Pennsylvania militiamen brutally massacred approximately ninety-six peaceful Mahican, or Munsee Lenape at Gnadenhutten effectively ending a dream of thousands of Indigenous refugee survivors to live peacefully within the fledgling United States. A mere four years earlier in 1778, the United States signed the country’s first Treaty with the Delaware Indians, a sovereign Nation, ensuring peaceful relations, protection against infringements and violence, and an all-Indian state with a representative in Congress. As a result of this massacre, the main body of Lenape (Delaware) refused missionaries for over fifty years and were reduced to starvation and relocations, although Moravian missionaries continued their efforts among the Munsee. They lived a life on the move, continued their long-term alliance with their Shawnee relatives, and warred against the Americans. Dela...
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